Undulator (II)

Having the idea that this element is fundamental to create the synchrotron radiation, now when I am reading a little bit more about it this fundamentalism idea is having an increment.

The fundamental rule, from my point of view, about the undulators is that "any charge that experiences an acceleration will radiate electromagnetic waves". I found this drawing at my height that have one interesting detail: the author wrote "e^-, e^+, p^- beam", that is to say in other words everything that have charge that can be separated using a bending magnet.


This formula, from the Wikipedia undulator article, is specific for electron particle accelerators. But I ask my beamline boss about it, and the 'e' that here is the electron charge can be substituted by the inverse value if the accelerator works with positrons, but in this case the name of the machine is decelerator. And this type of machines should be also constructed to accelerate heavier particles like protons. Then the same formula is valid but then the 'e' parameter will be the proton charge, and the 'm_{e}' will be the proton rest mass.

Finally, in an ion collider like in the Cern, can use this same formula this an matter atomic nucleus, where the charge is positive (a nucleus is composed by protons and neutrons) and the rest mass will be much more heavier.